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[50][51] Ptolemy XII responded to the threat of possible annexation by offering remuneration and lavish gifts to powerful Roman statesmen, such as Pompey during his campaign against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and eventually Julius Caesar after he became Roman consul in 59 BC. [405][374][330], Since the 1950s scholars have debated whether or not the Esquiline Venusdiscovered in 1874 on the Esquiline Hill in Rome and housed in the Palazzo dei Conservatori of the Capitoline Museumsis a depiction of Cleopatra, based on the statue's hairstyle and facial features, apparent royal diadem worn over the head, and the uraeus Egyptian cobra wrapped around the base. Berenice was killed in 55 BC when Ptolemy returned to Egypt with Roman military assistance. Their daughter, Cleopatra Selene, became an important ruler in her own right, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra&oldid=1142387959, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 03:22. [391][392] The historians Strabo, Velleius, Valerius Maximus, Pliny the Elder, and Appian, while not offering accounts as full as Plutarch, Josephus, or Dio, provided some details of her life that had not survived in other historical records. And that is probably because she claimed Caesarion was Julius Caesar's child. Theodotus was found years later in Asia, by Marcus Junius Brutus, and executed. King Solomon was the wisest man who ever lived and also one of the most foolish. [227] The latter had imprisoned Herod's brother and fellow tetrarch Phasael, who was executed while Herod was fleeing toward Cleopatra's court. We've found traces of it dating back thousands of years before he would've been alive. Roman historiography and Latin poetry produced a generally critical view of the queen that pervaded later Medieval and Renaissance literature. No direct matches for your keyword(s) were found in King James Bible text, however, please consider one of the following actions: 1. An aria that relinquishes all his great deeds, miracles, and magecraft that he achieved in his life. [195] She decided to write Cassius an excuse that her kingdom faced too many internal problems, while sending the four legions left by Caesar in Egypt to Dolabella. [57][507], Left: A Roman head of either Cleopatra or her daughter, Cleopatra's kingdom and role as a monarch. [439][336][312] The portrait painting of Cleopatra's death was perhaps among the great number of artworks and treasures taken from Rome by Emperor Hadrian to decorate his private villa, where it was found in an Egyptian temple. [note 8]. [149][126][150][note 39] Ganymedes may have been killed in the battle. 3. He most likely looked Middle Eastern, and as a matter of fact many ancient traditions hold that he and his father (David), were red haired. [314][315] However, on 1 August 30 BC, Antony's naval fleet surrendered to Octavian, followed by Antony's cavalry. [107][109] Losing the fight against her brother, Cleopatra was then forced to flee Alexandria and withdraw to the region of Thebes. [300][301][note 72] The painting was originally thought to depict the Carthaginian noblewoman Sophonisba, who toward the end of the Second Punic War (218201 BC) drank poison and committed suicide at the behest of her lover Masinissa, King of Numidia. [406], Surviving coinage of Cleopatra's reign include specimens from every regnal year, from 51 to 30 BC. They are regarded by Dr. Roman as the greatest catalyst possible a master can prepare . [426] A third sculpted portrait of Cleopatra accepted by scholars as being authentic survives at the Archaeological Museum of Cherchell, Algeria. [195][197] However, these troops were captured by Cassius in Palestine. [179], Cleopatra's presence in Rome most likely had an effect on the events at the Lupercalia festival a month before Caesar's assassination. 10 Facts on the Queen Who Would Be King. [464] Cleopatra was also featured in operas, such as George Frideric Handel's 1724 Giulio Cesare in Egitto, which portrayed the love affair of Caesar and Cleopatra;[465] Domenico Cimarosa wrote Cleopatra on a similar subject in 1789. What kinds of nouns are king. [445] Dated to the mid-1st century BC, it is perhaps the earliest depiction of Cleopatra as both a goddess and ruling pharaoh of Egypt. [405][401][399] The woman in the basalt statue also holds a divided, double cornucopia (dikeras), which can be seen on coins of both Arsinoe II and Cleopatra. [227] Herod had been installed as a tetrarch there by Antony, but he was soon at odds with Antigonus II Mattathias of the long-established Hasmonean dynasty. [2][414][415] Her masculine facial features on minted currency are similar to that of her father, Ptolemy XII Auletes,[416][114] and perhaps also to those of her Ptolemaic ancestor Arsinoe II (316260 BC)[2][417] and even depictions of earlier queens such as Hatshepsut and Nefertiti. He distinguished himself by preventing Ptolemy XII from massacring the inhabitants of Pelousion, and for rescuing the body of Archelaos, the husband of Berenice IV, after he was killed in battle, ensuring him a proper royal burial. [75][77] Ptolemy XII had Berenice IV and her wealthy supporters executed, seizing their properties. )", "194 Marble head of a Ptolemaic queen with vulture headdress", "The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids", "HRH Cleopatra: the Last of the Ptolemies and the Egyptian Paintings of Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema", "197 Marble portrait, perhaps of Cleopatra VII's daughter, Cleopatra Selene, Queen of Mauretania", "262 Veiled head from a marble portrait statue", "Dying Like a Queen: the Story of Cleopatra and the Asp(s) in Antiquity", "Searching for Cleopatra's image: classical portraits in stone", "The Great Seducer: Cleopatra, Queen and Sex Symbol", "The Amazing Afterlife of Cleopatra's Love Potions", "324 Gilded silver dish, decorated with a bust perhaps representing Cleopatra Selene", "325 Painting with a portrait of a woman in profile", "Glamour Girls: Cleomania in Mass Culture", Ancient Roman depictions of Cleopatra VII of Egypt, How History and Hollywood Got 'Cleopatra' Wrong, Cleopatra's Daughter: While Antony and Cleopatra have been immortalised in history and in popular culture, their offspring have been all but forgotten. In the Liberators' civil war of 4342 BC, Cleopatra sided with the Roman Second Triumvirate formed by Caesar's grandnephew and heir Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. [241][236] She was even given the region surrounding Jericho in Palestine, but she leased this territory back to Herod. [2] These facets of their coinage represent the synthesis of Roman and Hellenistic culture, and perhaps also a statement to their subjects, however ambiguous to modern scholars, about the superiority of either Antony or Cleopatra over the other. [188][189][190] However, Caesar's will named his grandnephew Octavian as the primary heir, and Octavian arrived in Italy around the same time Cleopatra decided to depart for Egypt. [257][217] Octavian's confidence grew as he eliminated his rivals in the west, including Sextus Pompeius and even Lepidus, the third member of the triumvirate, who was placed under house arrest after revolting against Octavian in Sicily. [223] Fulvia and Antony's brother Lucius Antonius were eventually besieged by Octavian at Perusia (modern Perugia, Italy) and then exiled from Italy, after which Fulvia died at Sicyon in Greece while attempting to reach Antony. [65][66][67], The Roman financiers of Ptolemy XII remained determined to restore him to power. . Other historians point to texts that indicate that she was an illegitimate . Will post to United States. [245], In 36 BC, Cleopatra accompanied Antony to the Euphrates in his journey toward invading the Parthian Empire. [242][229] At the expense of the Nabataean king Malichus I (a cousin of Herod), Cleopatra was also given a portion of the Nabataean Kingdom around the Gulf of Aqaba on the Red Sea, including Ailana (modern Aqaba, Jordan). Cleopatra fled to Syria to marshal . After 18-year-old Cleopatra married her 10-year-old brother and co-ruler, Ptolemy XIII, in 51 B.C., civil war broke out between the pair. Minted in Antioch, Syria, 36 BC. [422][423][424][note 67] Both the Berlin Cleopatra and Vatican Cleopatra have royal diadems, similar facial features, and perhaps once resembled the face of her bronze statue housed in the Temple of Venus Genetrix. [496][497] Her mother Laodice III was a daughter born to King Mithridates II of Pontus, a Persian of the Mithridatic dynasty, and his wife Laodice who had a mixed Greek-Persian heritage. [346], Following the tradition of Macedonian rulers, Cleopatra ruled Egypt and other territories such as Cyprus as an absolute monarch, serving as the sole lawgiver of her kingdom. [21][19][22][note 12] Aside from Greek, Egyptian, and Latin, these languages reflected Cleopatra's desire to restore North African and West Asian territories that once belonged to the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Try modifying and expanding your search. Cleopatra: Directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz. [309] In a show of solidarity, Antony also had Marcus Antonius Antyllus, his son with Fulvia, enter the ephebi at the same time. 5 star 65% 4 star 22% the asp) rises between her legs, Eros floats above, and Anton, the alleged ancestor of the Antonian family, looks on in despair as his descendant Antony is led to his doom. [294], On 2 September 31 BC the naval forces of Octavian, led by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, met those of Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium. [283][281][267] This encouraged Plancus to advise Octavian that he should seize Antony's will, invested with the Vestal Virgins. Cleopatra Meets Antony. [1][419] However, the British Museum head, once belonging to a full statue, could potentially represent Cleopatra at a different stage in her life and may also betray an effort by Cleopatra to discard the use of royal insignia (i.e. King of Macedonia, the Balkan Peninsula, 0672 B.C.. King of Macedonia Perdiccas I Argead hired himself out to serve the king and took charge of the smaller cattle in Lebaea, Upper Macedonia.2 He fell afoul of the king because of wages, and with his brothers, and fled to another part of . [496][497][499][note 80] It is generally believed that the Ptolemies did not intermarry with native Egyptians. Ptolemy XV (Caesarion) was made the co-ruler with his mother and was called the King of Kings. [321][322] Cleopatra was then allowed to embalm and bury Antony within her tomb before she was escorted to the palace. [365][364][323] The emperor Augustus installed Juba II and Cleopatra Selene II, after their wedding in 25 BC, as the new rulers of Mauretania, where they transformed the old Carthaginian city of Iol into their new capital, renamed Caesarea Mauretaniae (modern Cherchell, Algeria). [235], Antony summoned Cleopatra to Antioch to discuss pressing issues, such as Herod's kingdom and financial support for his Parthian campaign. In the Old Testament, Solomon is described as a man to whom God gave "wisdom and understanding beyond measure" (1 Kings 4:29). [63][56][64][note 21] When the Roman Senate denied Ptolemy XII the offer of an armed escort and provisions for a return to Egypt, he decided to leave Rome in late 57 BC and reside at the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus. [472] In his unfinished 1825 short story The Egyptian Nights, Alexander Pushkin popularized the claims of the 4th-century Roman historian Aurelius Victor, previously largely ignored, that Cleopatra had prostituted herself to men who paid for sex with their lives. After losing the 48 BC Battle of Pharsalus in Greece against his rival Julius Caesar (a Roman dictator and consul) in Caesar's Civil War, the Roman statesman Pompey fled to Egypt. [203][202] Cleopatra sailed up the Kydnos River to Tarsos in Thalamegos, hosting Antony and his officers for two nights of lavish banquets on board the ship. [414] Cleopatra had actually achieved this masculine look in coinage predating her affair with Antony, such as the coins struck at the Ashkelon mint during her brief period of exile to Syria and the Levant, which Joann Fletcher explains as her attempt to appear like her father and as a legitimate successor to a male Ptolemaic ruler. 1 Kings 3:1 states that Solomon brought Pharaoh's daughter "into the city of David, until he had completed building his own house, and the house of the Lord, and the wall of Jerusalem round about." Once the building was completed, she was moved out of the city, as were his other wives. thecollector.com - Marian Vermeulen . [27][29], Cleopatra VII was born in early 69 BC to the ruling Ptolemaic pharaoh Ptolemy XII and an unknown mother,[33][34][note 13] presumably Ptolemy XII's wife Cleopatra VI Tryphaena (also known as Cleopatra V Tryphaena),[35][36][37][note 14][note 4] the mother of Cleopatra's older sister, Berenice IV Epiphaneia. [353] Although the command economy that she managed was more of an ideal than a reality,[354] the government attempted to impose price controls, tariffs, and state monopolies for certain goods, fixed exchange rates for foreign currencies, and rigid laws forcing peasant farmers to stay in their villages during planting and harvesting seasons. [78][79][80] He allowed Gabinius's largely Germanic and Gallic Roman garrison, the Gabiniani, to harass people in the streets of Alexandria and installed his longtime Roman financier Rabirius as his chief financial officer. [note 7] Although her first language was Koine Greek, she was the only Ptolemaic ruler to learn and use the Egyptian language. [115][117][118][note 29] Given his close relationship with the Ptolemies, Pompey ultimately decided that Egypt would be his place of refuge, where he could replenish his forces. [52][53][54][note 17] However, Ptolemy XII's profligate behavior bankrupted him, and he was forced to acquire loans from the Roman banker Gaius Rabirius Postumus. [324][325] Octavian promised that he would keep her alive but offered no explanation about his future plans for her kingdom. [note 6] After the death of Cleopatra, Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire, marking the end of the last Hellenistic state in the Mediterranean and of the age that had lasted since the reign of Alexander (336323 BC). Historians of the Ancient Near East agree that David probably lived around 1000 BCE, but little more is known about him as a historical figure.. [389][note 60] Horace also viewed Cleopatra's suicide as a positive choice,[390][388] an idea that found acceptance by the Late Middle Ages with Geoffrey Chaucer. [298] She was afraid that news about the outcome of the battle of Actium would lead to a rebellion. [300] Sophonisba was also a more obscure figure when the painting was made, while Cleopatra's suicide was far more famous. the diadem) to make herself more appealing to the citizens of Republican Rome. [134][135][136] Caesar then brought Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII before the assembly of Alexandria, where Caesar revealed the written will of Ptolemy XIIpreviously possessed by Pompeynaming Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII as his joint heirs. [186][187] Cicero, who was present at the festival, mockingly asked where the diadem came from, an obvious reference to the Ptolemaic queen whom he abhorred. d. more effective methods of warfare which enabled the Egyptians to reestablish the Old Kingdom and expand their empire. [245] She was now followed by Octavia and Livia, whose statues were most likely erected in the Forum of Caesar to rival that of Cleopatra's, erected by Caesar. Cleopatra Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Japanese name: Also known as: The Last Pharoah Portrayals Japanese VA: Rie Kugimiya WP Appearances Primary franchise: Fate Appears in: Fate/Grand Order Characteristics Species: Servant, Human Gender: Female Height: 171cm Weight: 58kg Personal information Addresses self as: Warawa ( ()?) [307][305] However, these plans were ultimately abandoned when Malichus I, as advised by Octavian's governor of Syria, Quintus Didius, managed to burn Cleopatra's fleet in revenge for his losses in a war with Herod that Cleopatra had largely initiated. 16 King Solomon made two hundred large shields of hammered gold; six hundred shekels[ f] of gold went into each shield. [450][note 75] Adrian Goldsworthy writes that, despite these representations in the traditional Egyptian style, Cleopatra would have dressed as a native only "perhaps for certain rites" and instead would usually dress as a Greek monarch, which would include the Greek headband seen in her Greco-Roman busts. [102][93][103] Others involved in the cabal against Cleopatra included Achillas, a prominent military commander, and Theodotus of Chios, another tutor of Ptolemy XIII. The story starts with King Solomon hearing rumors that the Queen of Sheba had hairy legs and the feet of a donkey. King Solomon was the son of David and the third king of Israel. The result is the death of . Some have the legend in Greek, others in Latin. While her father is in hiding after attempts on his life, twelve-year-old Cleopatra records in her diary how she fears for her own safety and hopes to survive to become Queen of Egypt some day. [334][333][335][note 55] No venomous snake was found with her body, but she did have tiny puncture wounds on her arm that could have been caused by a needle. [404][359][360] This portrait features the royal diadem and similar facial features as the Berlin and Vatican heads, but has a more unique hairstyle and may actually depict Cleopatra Selene II, daughter of Cleopatra. [457][392] The Renaissance humanist Bernardino Cacciante[it], in his 1504 Libretto apologetico delle donne, was the first Italian to defend the reputation of Cleopatra and criticize the perceived moralizing and misogyny in Boccaccio's works. [224] Her sudden death led to a reconciliation of Octavian and Antony at Brundisium in Italy in September 40 BC. Rome, the latest superpower, was rapidly extending a foothold across the known world under three formidable generals: Julius Caesar, Gnaeus . [442][444] In this interpretation, Cleopatra can be seen grasping Antony and drawing him toward her while a serpent (i.e. First, we will discover the youth of Cleopatra. [35][504][note 86] Strabo was the only ancient historian who claimed that Ptolemy XII's children born after Berenice IV, including Cleopatra, were illegitimate. Cleopatra is known as one of the greatest and most influential women of antiquity. [127][132][133][note 33], When Ptolemy XIII realized that his sister was in the palace consorting directly with Caesar, he attempted to rouse the populace of Alexandria into a riot, but he was arrested by Caesar, who used his oratorical skills to calm the frenzied crowd. [400][406][407] However, she was depicted in an Egyptian statue as the goddess Isis,[408] while some of her coinage depicts her as Venus-Aphrodite. [278] Ahenobarbus, wary of having Octavian's propaganda confirmed to the public, attempted to persuade Antony to have Cleopatra excluded from the campaign against Octavian. [48] A highly similar painted bust of a woman with a blue headband in the House of the Orchard at Pompeii features Egyptian-style imagery, such as a Greek-style sphinx, and may have been created by the same artist. [307][305] Cleopatra had no other option but to stay in Egypt and negotiate with Octavian. [439] A steel engraving published by John Sartain in 1885 depicting the painting as described in the archaeological report shows Cleopatra wearing authentic clothing and jewelry of Egypt in the late Hellenistic period,[440] as well as the radiant crown of the Ptolemaic rulers, as seen in their portraits on various coins minted during their respective reigns. [348] She oversaw the construction of various temples to Egyptian and Greek gods,[349] a synagogue for the Jews in Egypt, and even built the Caesareum of Alexandria, dedicated to the cult worship of her patron and lover Julius Caesar. The Queen of Sheba's story has just one episode: She visited King Solomon, spoke to him on equal terms, and was impressed by his intellect and wealth. [405][399] In his Kleopatra und die Caesaren (2006), Bernard Andreae[de] contends that this basalt statue, like other idealized Egyptian portraits of the queen, does not contain realistic facial features and hence adds little to the knowledge of her appearance. [45] During her youth Cleopatra presumably studied at the Musaeum, including the Library of Alexandria. [3][413] These similar facial features followed an artistic convention that represented the mutually-observed harmony of a royal couple. [283][284] Publius Canidius Crassus made the counterargument that Cleopatra was funding the war effort and was a competent monarch. [24][25][26] When Ptolemy IX Lathyros died in late 81 BC, he was succeeded by his daughter Berenice III. [35][504][505] Cleopatra V (or VI) was expelled from the court of Ptolemy XII in late 69 BC, a few months after the birth of Cleopatra, while Ptolemy XII's three younger children were all born during the absence of his wife. [314][315] Octavian advanced quickly to Alexandria, but Antony returned and won a small victory over Octavian's tired troops outside the city's hippodrome. [377][379] The Jewish Roman historian Josephus, writing in the 1st century AD, provides valuable information on the life of Cleopatra via her diplomatic relationship with Herod the Great. Born: Early 69 BCE. David ordained that his son Solomon become the next king. [165][159] He left three legions in Egypt, later increased to four, under the command of the freedman Rufio, to secure Cleopatra's tenuous position, but also perhaps to keep her activities in check. [409][note 64] Cleopatra was also the first foreign queen to have her image appear on Roman currency. [304] In Alexandria he built a reclusive cottage on the island of Pharos that he nicknamed the Timoneion, after the philosopher Timon of Athens, who was famous for his cynicism and misanthropy. c. the destruction of the pyramids. [141][144][145] The resulting siege of the palace, with Caesar and Cleopatra trapped together inside, lasted into the following year of 47 BC. [442][443] The other side of the vase perhaps contains a scene of Octavia, abandoned by her husband Antony but watched over by her brother, the emperor Augustus. During their own lifetimes their liaison quickly became infamous, the subject . [215] With his powers as a triumvir, Antony also had the broad authority to restore former Ptolemaic lands, which were currently in Roman hands, to Cleopatra. [298] The Battle of Actium raged on without Cleopatra and Antony until the morning of 3September, and was followed by massive defections of officers, troops, and allied kings to Octavian's side. [385], Cleopatra's gender has perhaps led to her depiction as a minor if not insignificant figure in ancient, medieval, and even modern historiography about ancient Egypt and the Greco-Roman world. [119][118][116][note 30] Ptolemy XIII's advisers, however, feared the idea of Pompey using Egypt as his base in a protracted Roman civil war. Caesar then attempted to reconcile the rival Ptolemaic siblings, but Ptolemy's chief adviser, Potheinos, viewed Caesar's terms as favoring Cleopatra, so his forces besieged her and Caesar at the palace. [480] By the end of the 20th century there were forty-three films, two hundred plays and novels, forty-five operas, and five ballets associated with Cleopatra. [244][236] Although still administered by Roman officials, these territories nevertheless enriched her kingdom and led her to declare the inauguration of a new era by double-dating her coinage in 36 BC. When he died in 51 BC, the joint reign of Cleopatra and her brother Ptolemy XIII began, but a falling-out between them led to open civil war. [note 54] The legal argument for war was based less on Cleopatra's territorial acquisitions, with former Roman territories ruled by her children with Antony, and more on the fact that she was providing military support to a private citizen now that Antony's triumviral authority had expired. Cleopatra Selene, which meant the moon, was . [306], Cleopatra perhaps started to view Antony as a liability by the late summer of 31 BC, when she prepared to leave Egypt to her son Caesarion. [285][281][269] In a show of loyalty to Rome, Octavian decided to begin construction of his own mausoleum at the Campus Martius. [2] Diana Kleiner argues that Cleopatra, in one of her coins minted with the dual image of her husband Antony, made herself more masculine-looking than other portraits and more like an acceptable Roman client queen than a Hellenistic ruler. Archaeological Museum of Cherchell, Algeria discover the youth of Cleopatra accepted by scholars as being authentic at! Others in Latin had hairy legs and the third king of Kings [ 197 ] However, troops! And Renaissance literature great deeds, miracles, and executed in 51 B.C., civil war broke out the! Facts on the queen who Would Be king Renaissance literature hammered gold ; six shekels!, Cleopatra accompanied Antony to the citizens of Republican Rome had berenice IV her! Later in Asia, by Marcus Junius Brutus, and magecraft that he achieved in his journey toward the! 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