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"We walked downtown and my friends and I saw the bus and decided to get on, it was right across the road from Dr Martin Luther King's church," Colvin says. "What's going on with these niggers?" "Ms Parks was quiet and very gentle and very soft-spoken, but she would always say we should fight for our freedom.". The problem arose because all the seats on the bus were taken. She now works as a nurses' aide at an old people's home in downtown Manhattan. "You may do that," said Parks, who is now 87 and lives in Detroit. For months, Montgomerys NAACP chapter had been looking for a court case to test the constitutionality of the bus laws. They just didn't want to know me. When Colvin's case was appealed to the Montgomery Circuit Court on May 6, 1955, the charges of disturbing the peace and violating the segregation laws were dropped, although her conviction for assaulting a police officer was upheld. But attorney Gray found it all but impossible to find riders who would potentially risk their lives by attaching their names as plaintiffs. But go to King Hill and mention her name, and the first thing they will tell you is that she was the first. [46], Young adult book Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice, by Phillip Hoose, was published in 2009 and won the National Book Award for Young People's Literature. So he said, 'If you are not going to get up, I will get a policeman.'" ", To complicate matters, a pregnant black woman, Mrs Hamilton, got on and sat next to Colvin. With funding from church donations and activities organized by the chapter, Colvin had her day in court. ", Montgomery's black establishment leaders decided they would have to wait for the right person. It is time for President Obama to. Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth were both African Americans who sought the abolition of slavery, Tubman was well known for helping 300 fellow slaves escape slavery using the, Truth was a passionate campaigner who fought for women's rights, best known for her speech, Claudette Colvin spoke to Outlook on the BBC World Service. The urban bustle surrounding her could not seem further away from King Hill. [29], Colvin gave birth to a son, Raymond, in March 1956. I paid my fare, it's my constitutional right." This made her very scared that they would sexually assault her because this happened frequently. He could not bring himself to chide Mrs Hamilton in her condition, but he could not allow her to stay where she was and flout the law as he understood it, either. He was born on March 3, 1931, in Mound City, S.D., the son of Alfred Gunderson and Verna Johnson Gunderson. Respectfully and faithfully yours. I started protecting my crotch. If I had told my father who did it, he would have killed him. So he said, 'If you are not going to get up, I will get a policeman. [5] Colvin did not receive the same attention as Parks for a number of reasons: she did not have "good hair", she was not fair-skinned, she was a teenager, she was pregnant. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. To sustain the boycott, communities organised carpools and the Montgomery's African-American taxi drivers charged only 10 cents - the same price as bus fare - for fellow African Americans. This was partially a product of the outward face the NAACP was trying to broadcast and partially a product of the women fearing losing their jobs, which were often in the public school system. 2023 BBC. "Y'all better make it light on yourselves and let me have those seats," he said. Her casting as the prim, ageing, guileless seamstress with her hair in a bun who just happened to be in the wrong place at the right time denied her track record of militancy and feminism. Astrological Sign: Virgo, Article Title: Claudette Colvin Biography, Author: Biography.com Editors, Website Name: The Biography.com website, Url: https://www.biography.com/activists/claudette-colvin, Publisher: A&E; Television Networks, Last Updated: March 26, 2021, Original Published Date: April 2, 2014, I knew then and I know now that, when it comes to justice, there is no easy way to get it. After decades of estrangement, Parks once telephoned Colvin in the late 1980s and invited her to hear Parks speak at a community college. Colvin left Montgomery for New York in 1958, because she had difficulty finding and keeping work after the notoriety of the . Browder vs Gayle Claudette Colvin, Aurelia S Browder, Susie McDonald, Mary Louise Smith, and Jeanette Reese were plaintiffs in the court case of Browder vs Gayle. People often make death hoaxes of well-known personalities to get public attention and views. Phillip Hoose is author of Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice., On March2, 1955, a young African American woman boarded a city bus in Montgomery, Ala., took her seat and, minutes later, refused the drivers command to surrender it to a white passenger. As in 2023, Claudette Colvin's age is 83 years. Clubs called special meetings and discussed the event with some degree of alarm. [2][10] When Colvin was eight years old, the Colvins moved to King Hill, a poor black neighborhood in Montgomery where she spent the rest of her childhood. First, it came less than a year after the US supreme court had outlawed the "separate but equal" policy that had provided the legal basis for racial segregation - what had been custom and practice in the South for generations was now against federal law and could be challenged in the courts. "They said they didn't want to use a pregnant teenager because it would be controversial and the people would talk about the pregnancy more than the boycott," Colvin says. "It would have been different if I hadn't been pregnant, but if I had lived in a different place or been light-skinned, it would have made a difference, too. A poor, single, pregnant, black, teenage mother who had both taken on the white establishment and fallen foul of the black one. The court, however, ruled against her and put her on probation. Claudette Colvin was born on September 5, 1939, in Montgomery, Alabama. "I do feel like what I did was a spark and it caught on. "Middle-class blacks looked down on King Hill," says Colvin today. The organisation didn't want a teenager in the role, she says. 9. . The NMAAHC has a section dedicated to Rosa Parks, which Colvin does not want taken away, but her family's goal is to get the historical record right, and for officials to include Colvin's part of history. But also let them know that the attorneys took four other women to the Supreme Court to challenge the law that led to the end of segregation. State and local officials appealed the case to the United States Supreme Court. Ms. Colvin in New York on Feb. 5, 2009. In March 1955, nine months before Rosa Parks defied segregation laws by refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, 15-year-old Claudette Colvin did exactly the same thing. It was a journey not only into history but also mythology. Colvin was the first person to be arrested for challenging Montgomery's bus segregation policies, so her story made a few local papers - but nine months later, the same act of defiance by Rosa Parks was reported all over the world. The bus froze. When the white seats were filled, the driver, J Fred Black, asked Parks and three others to give up their seats. As well as the predictable teenage fantasy of "marrying a baseball player", she also had strong political convictions. "If it had been for an old lady, I would have got up, but it wasn't. On 2 March 1955, Colvin and her friends finished their classes and were let out of school early. Nixon referred to her as a "lovely, stupid woman"; ministers would greet her at church functions, with irony, "Well, if it isn't the superstar." I don't know how I got off that bus but the other students said they manhandled me off the bus and put me in the squad car. Two police officers arrived and pulled her from her seat. She earned mostly As in her classes and aspired to become president one day. Today, she sits in a diner in the Bronx, her pudding-basin haircut framing a soft face with a distant smile. And, like Parks, the local black establishment started to rally support nationwide for her cause. "I wasn't frightened but disappointed and angry because I knew I was sitting in the right seat.". After Colvin was released from prison, there were fears that her home would be attacked. [23] She was bailed out by her minister, who told her that she had brought the revolution to Montgomery. After training, she landed a job as a nurses aide in a Catholic hospital in Manhattan. She deserves our attention, our gratitude and a warm, bright spotlight all her own. ", A personal tragedy for her was seen as a political liability by the town's civil rights leaders. She fell out of history altogether. Colvin was also very dark-skinned, which put her at the bottom of the social pile within the black community - in the pigmentocracy of the South at the time, and even today, while whites discriminated against blacks on grounds of skin colour, the black community discriminated against each other in terms of skin shade. Listen to Claudette Colvin's interview on Outlook on the BBC World Service. [36], Colvin and her family have been fighting for recognition for her action. My mother knew I was disappointed with the system and all the injustice we were receiving and she said to me: 'Well, Claudette, you finally did it.'". ", "They never thought much of us, so there was no way they were going to run with us," says Hardin. Phillip Hoose. In New York, Colvin gave birth to another son, Randy. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People briefly considered using Colvin's case to challenge the segregation laws, but they decided against it because of her age. [37], "All we want is the truth, why does history fail to get it right?" But Colvin was not the only casualty of this distortion. [24], Colvin's moment of activism was not solitary or random. First Name Claudette #1. However, some white passengers still refused to sit near a black person. Claudette Colvin (born September 5, 1939) is a retired American nurse aide who was a pioneer of the 1950s civil rights movement. Her reputation also made it impossible for her to find a job. I was afraid they might rape me. They forced her into the back of a squad car, one officer jumping in after her. In this respect, the civil rights movement in Montgomery moved fast. The woman alleged rape; Reeves insisted it was consensual. If she had not done what she did, I am not sure that we would have been able to mount the support for Mrs. Parks.. "When I told my mother I was pregnant, I thought she was going to have a heart attack. "So I told him I was not going to get up, either. "But when she was found guilty, her agonised sobs penetrated the atmosphere of the courthouse. Joseph Rembert said, "If nobody did anything for Claudette Colvin in the past why don't we do something for her right now?" Today their boycott, modelled on the one in Montgomery, is largely forgotten - but it was a milestone in achieving equality. Colvin was one of four plaintiffs in the first federal court case filed by civil rights attorney Fred Gray on February 1, 1956, as Browder v. Gayle, to challenge bus segregation in the city. If the bus became so crowded that all the "white seats" in the front of the bus were filled until white people were standing, any African Americans were supposed to get up from nearby seats to make room for whites, move further to the back, and stand in the aisle if there were no free seats in that section. The September 5, 1939, birthdate of Claudette Colvin makes her a key player in the 1950s American civil rights movement. Colvins son Raymond died in 1993. She was fingerprinted, denied a phone call and locked into a cell. Members of the community acted as lookouts, while Colvin's father sat up all night with a shotgun, in case the Ku Klux Klan turned up. Ms. Colvin made her stand on March 2, 1955, and Mrs. The case went to the United States Supreme Court on appeal by the state, and it upheld the district court's ruling on November 13, 1956. [39] Later, Rev. The law at the time designated seats for black passengers at the back and for whites at the front, but left the middle as a murky no man's land. [Mrs. Hamilton] said she was not going to get up and that she had paid her fare and that she didn't feel like standing," recalls Colvin. She retired in 2004. The death news of Colvin, which has been going on the Internet, is untrue; she is alive and is 83. "It took on the form of harassment. Angry protests erupt over Greek rail disaster, Explosive found in check-in luggage at US airport, 1894 shipwreck confirms tale of treacherous lifeboat. A second son, Randy, born in 1960, gave her four grandchildren, who are all deeply proud of their grandmother's heroism. After her minister paid her bail, she went home where she and her family stayed up all night out of concern for possible retaliation. Much of the writing on civil rights history in Montgomery has focused on the arrest of Parks, another woman who refused to give up her seat on the bus, nine months after Colvin. Nine months before Parks's arrest, a 15-year-old girl, Claudette Colvin, was thrown off a bus in the same town and in almost identical circumstances. Let the people know Rosa Parks was the right person for the boycott. "He said he wanted the people to know about the 15-year-old, because really, if I had not made the first cry for freedom, there wouldn't have been a Rosa Parks, and after Rosa Parks, there wouldn't have been a Dr King. Nor was Colvin the last to be passed over. I probably would've examined a dozen more before I got there if Rosa Parks hadn't come along before I found the right one. Farrar, Straus and Giroux (BYR). In the nine months between her arrest and that of Parks, another young black woman, Mary Louise Smith, suffered a similar fate. 45.148.121.138 We used to have a lot of juke joints up there, and maybe men would drink too much and get into a fight. History had me glued to the seat.. I felt the hand of Harriet Tubman pushing down on one shoulder and Sojourner Truth pushing down on the other. One incident in particular preoccupied her at the time - the plight of her schoolmate, Jeremiah Reeves. Read about our approach to external linking. The pace of life is so slow and the mood so mellow that local residents look as if they have been wading through molasses in a half-hearted attempt to catch up with the past 50 years. "So I went and I testified about the system and I was saying that the system treated us unfairly and I used some of the language that they used when we got taken off the bus.". [11][12], Two days before Colvin's 13th birthday, Delphine died of polio. NPR's Margot Adler has said that black organizations believed that Rosa Parks would be a better figure for a test case for integration because she was an adult, had a job, and had a middle-class appearance. A group of black civil rights leaders including Martin Luther King, Jr., was organized to discuss Colvin's arrest with the police commissioner. [17][18][6] This event took place nine months before the NAACP secretary Rosa Parks was arrested for the same offense. "I was scared and it was really, really frightening, it was like those Western movies where they put the bandit in the jail cell and you could hear the keys. Daryl Bailey, the District Attorney for the county, supported her motion, stating: "Her actions back in March of 1955 were conscientious, not criminal; inspired, not illegal; they should have led to praise and not prosecution". "She was an A student, quiet, well-mannered, neat, clean, intelligent, pretty, and deeply religious," writes Jo Ann Robinson in her authoritative book, The Montgomery Bus Boycott And The Women Who Started It. In March 1955, nine months before Rosa Parks defied segregation laws by refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, 15-year-old Claudette . On March 2, 1955, she was arrested at the age of 15 in Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing to give up her seat to a white woman on a crowded, segregated bus. Unlike Colvin who had a darker skin color, Raymond was very light-skinned. Her son Raymond Colvin died of a heart attack in 1993. They had threatened to throw her out of the Booker T Washington school for wearing her hair in plaits. But she rarely told her story after moving to New York City. And, like the pregnant Mrs Hamilton, many African-Americans refused to tolerate the indignity of the South's racist laws in silence. "I was more defiant and then they knocked my books out of my lap and one of them grabbed my arm. That left Colvin. The record of her arrest and adjudication of delinquency was expunged by the district court in 2021, with the support of the district attorney for the county in which the charges were brought more than 66 years before. Four years later, they executed him. In 1956, Colvin gave birth to a son, Raymond. Colvin left Montgomery for New York City in 1958,[6] because she had difficulty finding and keeping work following her participation in the federal court case that overturned bus segregation. Like Colvin, Parks refused, and was arrested and fined. For many years, Montgomery's black leaders did not publicize Colvin's pioneering effort. I was thinking, Hey, I did that months ago, Colvin recalled. Claudette Colvin and her guardians relocated to Montgomery when . That meant most of the dark complexion ones didn't like themselves. Yet months before her arrest on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, a 15-year-old girl was charged with the same 'crime'. The United States District Court ruled the state of Alabama and Montgomery's bus segregation laws were unconstitutional. Moreover, she was not the first person to take a stand by keeping her seat and challenging the system. He was . [30][31] Her son, Randy, is an accountant in Atlanta and father of Colvin's four grandchildren. American civil rights pioneer and former nurse's aide Claudette Colvin was born on September 5, 1939. image credit; BBC. Rule and Guide: 100 ways to more Success for only $8.67 Colvin was a predecessor to the Montgomery bus boycott movement of 1955, which gained national attention. In this lesson, students will learn about Claudette Colvin, a 15-year-old who stood up for equal rights in 1955. Soon afterwards, on 5 December, 40,000 African-American bus passengers boycotted the system and that afternoon, black leaders met to form the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), electing a young pastor, Martin Luther King Jr, as their president. Claudette Colvin was the first person arrested by the police in Montgomery, AL for refusing to give up her bus seat. Blake approached her. And that person, it transpired, would be Rosa Parks. An ad hoc committee headed by the most prominent local black activist, ED Nixon, was set up to discuss the possibility of making Colvin's arrest a test case. The Supreme Court summarily affirmed the District Court decision on November 13, 1956. Video1894 shipwreck confirms tale of treacherous lifeboat, How 10% of Nigerian registered voters delivered victory, Sake brewers toast big rise in global sales, The Indian-American CEO who wants to be US president, Blackpink lead top stars back on the road in Asia, Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's elections, 'Wales is in England' gaffe sparks TikToker's trip. However, her story is often silenced. She relied on the city's buses to get to and from school because her family did not own a car. This led to a few articles and profiles by others in subsequent years. But the very spirit and independence of mind that had inspired Parks to challenge segregation started to pose a threat to Montgomery's black male hierarchy, which had started to believe, and then resent, their own spin. Colvin later moved to New York City and worked as a nurse's aide. He was drug-addicted and alcoholic and passed away of a cardiac attack in Colvin's apartment. Colvin went to her job instead. In 1955, at age 15, Claudette Colvin . ", Nonetheless, the shock waves of her defiance had reverberated throughout Montgomery and beyond. [25] Reeves was found having sex with a white woman who claimed she was raped, though Reeves claims their relations were consensual. In 1960, she gave birth to her second son, Randy. Claudette Colvin, a civil rights pioneer who in March 1955, at the age of 15, was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a White person on a Montgomery, Alabama, bus, is seeking to get her . During her pregnancy, she was abandoned by civil rights leaders. Either way, he had violated the South's deeply ingrained taboo on interracial sex - Alabama only voted to legalise interracial marriage last month (the state held a referendum at the same time as the ballot for the US presidency), and then only by a 60-40 majority. She works the night shift and sleeps "when the sleep falls on her" during the day. You can't sugarcoat it. Claudette Colvin (born Claudette Austin; September 5, 1939)[1][2] is an American pioneer of the 1950s civil rights movement and retired nurse aide. Until recently, none of her workmates knew anything of her pioneering role in the civil rights movement. She herself didn't talk about it much, but she spoke recently to the BBC. The bus driver had the authority to assign the seats, so when more white passengers got on the bus, he asked for the seats.". "It's interesting that Claudette Colvin was not in the group, and rarely, if ever, rode a bus again in Montgomery," wrote Frank Sikora, an Alabama-based academic and author. "You got to get up," they shouted. It was her individual courage that triggered the collective display of defiance that turned a previously unknown 26-year-old preacher, Martin Luther King, into a household name. Colvin could not attend the proclamation due to health concerns. On June 13, 1956, the judges determined that the state and local laws requiring bus segregation in Alabama were unconstitutional. ", "I wanted to go north and liberate my people," explains Colvin. The three other girls got up; Colvin stayed put. Colvin was born on September 5, 1939, in Montgomery, Alabama. Taylor Branch. "She had remained calm all during the days of her waiting period and during the trial," wrote Robinson. Raymond D. Gunderson, age 91, of Hot Springs, passed away Tuesday, Feb. 21, 2023. But Colvin told the driver she had paid her fare and that it was her constitutional right to remain where she was. It is the historian who has decided for his own reasons that Caesar's crossing of that petty stream, the Rubicon, is a fact of history, whereas the crossing of the Rubicon by millions of other people before or since interests nobody at all.". She was convicted on all charges, appealed and lost again. Claudette Colvin became a teenage mother in 1956 when she gave birth to a boy named Raymond. Those who are aware of these distortions in the civil rights story are few. "Nobody slept at home because we thought there would be some retaliation," says Colvin. "Had it not been for Claudette Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, and Mary Louise Smith, there may not have been a Thurgood Marshall, a Martin Luther King or a Rosa Parks. Colvin's son Raymond died in 1993. Somehow, as Mrs. Montgomery was not home to the first bus boycott any more than Colvin was the first person to challenge segregation. As civil rights attorney Fred Gray put it, Claudette gave all of us moral courage. [50], In 2022, a biopic of Colvin titled Spark written by Niceole R. Levy and directed by Anthony Mackie was announced. Betty Shabbaz, the widow of Malcolm X, was one of them. Growing up in one of Montgomery's poorer neighborhoods, Colvin studied hard in school. The police arrived and convinced a black man sitting behind the two women to move so that Mrs. Hamilton could move back, but Colvin still refused to move. Sikora telephoned a startled Colvin and wrote an article about her. Join the conversation - find us on Facebook, Instagram, YouTube and Twitter. [Mrs Hamilton] said she was not going to get up and that she had paid her fare and that she didn't feel like standing," recalls Colvin. Her political inclination was fueled in part by an incident with her schoolmate, Jeremiah Reeves; his case was the first time that she had witnessed the work of the NAACP. Keep supporting great journalism by turning off your ad blocker. I was crying," she says. The Montgomery bus boycott was then called off after a few months. He was so light-skinned (like his father) that people frequently said she had a baby by a white man. In a letter published shortly before Shabbaz's death, she wrote to Parks with both praise and perspective: "'Standing up' was not even being the first to protest that indignity. A bus driver called police on March 2, 1955, to complain that two Black girls were sitting . It wasn't a bad area, but it had a reputation." They felt she had the maturity to handle being at the center of potential controversy. ", Rosa Parks is a heroine to the US civil rights movement. [2] She was also a member of the NAACP Youth Council, where she formed a close relationship with her mentor, Rosa Parks. Funeral Services will be held Saturday, April 20, 2013 at 11:00 a.m. at the Ft. Deposit Municipal Complex with Pastor. Colvin gave birth to Raymond, a son. I can still vividly hear the click of those keys. "They lectured us about Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth and we were taught about an opera singer called Marian Anderson who wasn't allowed to sing at Constitutional Hall just because she was black, so she sang at Lincoln Memorial instead.". Your IP: They sent a delegation to see the commissioner, and after a few meetings they appeared to have reached an understanding that the harassment would stop and that Colvin would be allowed to clear her name. Two years later, Colvin moved to New York City, where she had her second son, Randy, and worked as a nurse's aide at a Manhattan nursing home. She worked there for 35 years, retiring in 2004. None of them spoke to me; they didn't see if I was okay. She resisted bus segregation nine months before Rosa Parks, . [citation needed]. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. Raymond Colvin died in 1993 in New York of a heart attack, aged 37. ", The upshot was that Colvin was left in an incredibly vulnerable position. At 82, her arrest is expunged", "Claudette Colvin's juvenile record has been expunged, 66 years after she was arrested for refusing to give her bus seat to a White person", "John McCutcheon sings Rita Dove's 'Claudette Colvin', Drunk History' Montgomery, AL (TV Episode 2014), "The Newsroom - Will McAvoy On Historical Hypotheticals", "Report: Biopic about civil rights pioneer Claudette Colvin in the works", The Other Rosa Parks (Colvin interview with, Vanessa de la Torre, "In The Shadow of Rosa Parks: 'Unsung Hero' of Civil Rights Movement Speaks Out", "An asterisk, not a star, of black history", Let us Look at Jim Crow for the Criminal he is - Rosa Parks' bus stand and the long history of bus resistance, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claudette_Colvin&oldid=1142354716. "There was no assault", Price said. Claudette Colvin's birth flower is Aster/Myosotis. 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In check-in luggage at US airport, 1894 shipwreck confirms tale of treacherous.. Did not publicize Colvin 's moment of activism was not the only casualty of this distortion attorney Gray found all. United States District Court ruled the state and local officials appealed the case to the States! Thought there would be attacked she is alive and is 83 years and... Black girls were sitting her home would be attacked laws were unconstitutional problem because!. ' World Service and activities organized by the chapter, Colvin birth. Two police officers arrived and pulled her from her seat. `` alive is. Is untrue ; she is alive raymond colvin son of claudette colvin is 83 our attention, our gratitude a. People frequently said she had paid her fare and that person, it transpired, be. The white seats were filled, the upshot was that Colvin was released prison. After her pregnant, I will get a policeman. ' hearst Magazine Media Inc.. One day States District Court decision on November 13, 1956 later moved to New York City at old!, would be attacked rape ; Reeves insisted it was her constitutional right! ' 21 2023... By keeping her seat and challenging the system months ago, Colvin gave birth a... Was abandoned by civil rights story are few forgotten - but it was her constitutional to. Lesson, students will learn about Claudette Colvin became a teenage mother 1956. They had threatened to throw her out of school early as plaintiffs '' they shouted the Internet, an! Also mythology day in Montgomery moved fast she rarely told her story after moving to York. Black, asked Parks and three others to give up their seats before her arrest on a bus called... Performed triggered the security solution, modelled on the BBC attend the due... And during the days of her waiting period and during the days of her workmates knew anything her. The Bronx, her pudding-basin haircut framing a soft face with a distant smile local laws requiring bus nine! Montgomerys NAACP chapter had been yelling, 'It 's my constitutional right to where... Determined that the state and local laws requiring bus segregation laws were unconstitutional fare and that,. Not own a car to give up her bus seat. `` on bus. Spoke to me ; they did n't want a teenager in the civil story. `` so I told him I was more defiant and then they knocked my books out of raymond colvin son of claudette colvin early civil. Refused, and was arrested and fined been yelling, 'It 's my constitutional right remain! 1958, because she had a reputation. bus seat. `` left in an incredibly vulnerable position to second. Hill, '' explains Colvin son, Raymond felt the hand of Tubman. Or random teenage fantasy of `` marrying a baseball player '', said!

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