And to manage operations, companies rely on strictly enforced rules and procedures. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology 37(2),: 0109. Bureaucratic Organizations also have strict command and control structures present at all times to ensure good government and service delivery. commander's palace dress code; royal st augustine hoa; disease of the eye crossword clue; rome, ga police accident reports; simona halep engagement ring; oklahoma . "Peter principle." Organizational charts show and ensure an efficient flow of information in an organization and help employees know who to report to. As a result, the process of getting work done in a bureaucratic system is costly because it relies on the old traditional model of administration and not modernized methods. Although the creation of best practices can sometimes cost more than the savings they provide, these rules do create consistent outcomes that allow for predictability in results. In the twenty-first century teaching, learning, and the educational system itself have been buffeted by forces that challenged the traditional bureaucratic arrangement of schools with tall administrative hierarchies, centralized decision-making, and tightly controlled structures. Bureaucracies (especially government bureaucracies) are known to generate a lot of "red tape." Despite what locals claim, language fluency does NOT alleviate this. Within the hierarchal structures of a bureaucracy, workers are continually promoted until they reach a position where theyre initially incompetent. (2013). Longley, Robert. While employees may work hard to earn raises and promotions, there is no guarantee advancement or rewards will be given immediately. https://doi.org/10.5465/256406 Mathena, K.A. Large financial institutions, such as public-stock trading firms, grew to prominence largely due to the unique ability of their bureaucratic organizations to deal with the intricate requirements of capitalist production more efficiently than small-scale, but less complex institutions. The American Journal of Sociology 83(2): 340363. This is one of the key advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy. The average wage of a Chief Executive Officer in the United States at a major company in 2015 was $12.4 million. (Eds.) Weber thought bureaucracy would result in the highest level of efficiency, rationality, and worker satisfaction. For example, civil servants draft bills that ministers submit to the legislature for law-making. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446279137 Hamel, G., & Zanini, M. (2017). It promotes efficiency and effectiveness in an organization and reduces the total cost of products due to its element of specialization. In schools, students learned to value hierarchical command, standardized outcomes, and specialized skills. Because rules and laws govern the actions of a worker within a bureaucracy, there is less freedom to act or make independent decisions. The federal bureaucracy today boasts 15 Cabinet . Because of the mechanized nature of a bureaucracy, organizations or governmental structures that have policies and procedures in place can be easily merged. However, bureaucratic authority often perpetuates positions and outworn practices of bureaucracy at the expense of timely change and appropriate education for childrens needs. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v37i2.974 Burnham, J. Absent of adequate oversight, bureaucrats with decision-making power could solicit and accept bribes in return for their assistance. 2, No. A bureaucracy is an organization of non-elected officials of a government or organization who implement the rules, laws, and functions of their institution. Bureaucracy in organizations has long been associated with clear hierarchies, a high degree of formality, a rigid division of labor and strict policies that provide consequences to those who disobey. Favoritism is discouraged in a bureaucratic structure. B. The advantages of bureaucracy: Clear division of work with boundaries to responsibilities. Added time creates additional costs to all who are involved. Authority is not spread; instead this is centralized among employees. Her experience extends to both corporate and freelance; she's a former Senior Editor at the B2B publication Accounting Today, writing about public accounting firms with a specialization in diversity, technology, best practices, and business development. The Economist, November 19, 1955. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1). Paperwork increases the cost of materials: Role of Public Administration in Democracy, Importance of bureaucracy in an organization, Factors affecting bargaining power of workers. Bureaucracy runs the administration of the state according to the policies and laws of the governments political executive. This article articulates how the advantages and disadvantages of a bureaucracy affect non-political or politically neutral bureaucracy. BMJ: British Medical Journal 323(7315): 746. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7315.746 Skytt, B. Whether you are starting your first company or you are a dedicated entrepreneur diving into a new venture, Bizfluent is here to equip you with the tactics, tools and information to establish and run your ventures. Due to their rigid rules and procedures, bureaucracies are often slow to respond to unexpected situations and slow to adapt to changing social conditions. These servants also collect taxes and settle disputes involving the recovery of taxes. (2018). The Bureaucracy is the key executive organ of government. With the help of civil servants, ministers provide all the information asked for by the legislature. A bureaucracy is an organization, whether publicly or privately owned, made up of several policymaking departments or units. Formal (written) rules and procedures resulting in predictability. Lack of good customer service. Bureaucracy has certain social characteristics that were analyzed by Marx: 1) the decisions are made by the monopoly officials; 2) the desire for closeness; 3) the use of different privileges; 4) representation of the state as a major source of social order and well-being; 5) red tape and corruption; 6) minimal punishment for the members of power. https://smallbusiness.chron.com/bureaucratic-organization-20379.html. It, however, works under the leadership and control of the Political Executive. Therecruitmenton merit process consistently applied in an organization increases professionalism. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. This creates a policy where people and departments spend money so they can have it in the following budget. He did not see them as necessary evils, but as the best organizational response to a changing society. Inefficiencies are difficult to change. Max Weber Bureaucratic theory of ManagementPrinciples of bureaucratic theoryAdvantages and disadvantages of bureaucratic theory of ManagementHenry Fayol Admi. Consequently, there is less freedom and individuals who don't follow the rules may face consequences or penalties. As a result, bureaucracy can be cumbersome and rules and regulations often are given greater pressure on annual budgets than the end result. 4. Often, the real players in government are the agency bureaucrats, the people behind the scenes. International Journal of Social Science Studies, 7(2), 12. https://doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v7i2.3979 Kauer, L. (2016). It creates rigid policies and laws that must be followed to safeguard the wellbeing of a business or the safety of a society. Civil servants play an important but indirect role in law-making. 9. environment." According to the council, there are eight factors that make buildings including houses, offices, schools, hospitals, government headquarters, factories and shopping malls . For instance, in a bureaucratic business, typically, money is available for the current cycle only. The paper 'Advantages and Disadvantages of Bureaucracy' is a great example of a Macro and Microeconomics Essay. Making what is expected clear results in better work and much less confusion and frustration for workers and managers. In fact, he felt that bureaucracy was so logical that it would transform all of society. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. Interest groups may provide valuable statistics to government agencies, and they are motivated to have their point of view heard. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118601495.ch1 Javanparast, S., Freeman, T., Baum, F., Labont, R., Ziersch, A., Mackean, T., Sanders, D. (2018). Revista De Administrao De Roraima - RARR, 7(2), 426. https://doi.org/10.18227/2237-8057rarr.v7i2.4034 Ritzer, G. (1975). Healthcare managers views on and approaches to implement models for improving care processes. Plsek, P.E., & Wilson, T. (2001). In order to understand the bureaucratization of schools, we must understand the historical development of the school system. Antecedents and consequences of nurse managers perceptions of organizational support. It has policies and procedures (or rules and laws) that are inflexible and provides consequences to those who do not follow the procedures or laws. Journal of Nursing Administration 32(3): 136142. In a successful bureaucracy, the impersonal nature of relationships creates some benefits. Res Pyramiderna. It creates a rigid division for the labor that must be complete. The hierarchical structure of bureaucracies can lead to internal empire-building. Department supervisors may add unnecessary subordinates, whether through poor decision-making or in order to build their own power and status. (1977). A well-defined hierarchy of authority. If it is not used, then the expenditures will not be accounted for in the next budget cycle. 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Organizations with a bureaucratic culture have strict policies for everything, which can slow down their operations and make communication difficult. This means that all of the demands and expectations are made extremely clear, from the top down. It is easy to fit into a bureaucracy. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315093291-3 Rockman, B. Proceduresare important to any organization and its processes. In a bureaucracy that is run successfully, the impersonal nature of the relationships that are formed create unique advantages. The bureaucratization of schools has some advantages but has also led to the perpetuation of discrimination and an aversion to change. Advantages of bureaucracy by Max Weber and the disadvantages of bureaucracy, its that they carry out the function of granting legally sanctioned financial benefits, tax reliefs, subsidies, and other concessions to the people. Glouberman, S., & Mintzberg, H. (2001). This is one of the major importances of bureaucracy in an organization. People higher up on the chain-of-command are typically paid more. There is less freedom to act within a bureaucracy. It can take so long, in fact, that a second evolution can take place before the bureaucracy has adapted to the first evolution. Rules and regulations provide clear instructions for job duties and expectations. German sociologist Max Weber was the first person to formally study bureaucracy. The paper reflects on the fact that most organizations both in public and private sectors have been ineffective in management because the bureaucratic systems under which they operate are not flexible despite being confronted with a very dynamic working environment. In a successful bureaucracy, the impersonal nature of relationships creates some benefits. 3. These rules allow managers to supervise production with confidence because each action has been defined. 9. Worldwide bureaucracy still exists and mainly found in public and private institutions. In Sandberg, . Meritocracy means that hiring and promotion should be based on proven and documented skills, rather than on nepotism or random choice. 1. Discuss the critical issues and historial origins of school bureaucratization, particularly in relation to educational reform and deliverance of service. The bureaucratic structure is an efficient, rule-based leadership framework that has proven to be a smooth way to govern and to organize societies. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005110-200203000-00006. The organization is answerable in case something goes wrong. Definition and Examples, President Truman's Executive Order 9835 Demanded Loyalty, What Is Sovereign Immunity? The bureaucratic structure has advantages as long as disadvantages but many business structures are influenced by Max Weber. Meanwhile, workplace proceduresand policiesare veryimportantfor educating employees on how to handle certain issues and compliance measures. The term bureaucracy is often addressed to governmental structures only, but most people either work in a bureaucracy or encounter one every day. Within a hierarchical organizational structure, clear lines of communication are established for everyone. By encouraging specialization, a bureaucracy naturally promotes problem-solving and cost efficiencies at the same time. Optimistically, bureaucracies are orderly, fair, and highly efficient. DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. (1983). However, in practice, bureaucracies often fail to achieve this ideal. They govern how decisions are to be made and who has the most authority. Every annual budget comprises material costs for papers, printers, ink, and computers. The iron triangle, sometimes called a sub-government, consists of interest groups, members of congressional subcommittees, and agency bureaucrats. [The employee authoritative- strategies for a constructive teamwork]. Merit-based hiring and promotion; no granting of jobs to friends or family unless they are the best qualified. It's a process that is called "red tape" which is a term from the mid-18th century where official documents were bound in red tape. Proliferation When systems tend to expand rapidly. 6. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12303 Kotter, J.P. (1996). Advantage: Equal Chances to Succeed Favoritism is discouraged in a bureaucratic structure. Advisers, bookkeepers, secretaries. Journal of Nursing Management 24(2): 219227. Retrieved from https://www.toolshero.com/management/bureaucratic-theory-weber/ Gerald, E. C. (2018). Managers and administratorsneed hierarchy in order to effectively carry out their duties. Furthermore, a bureaucratic culture is based on impersonal relationships, discouraging favoritism. The command structure of a bureaucratic organization takes the form of a pyramid with a high degree of formality in the way it operates. The SAGE Dictionary of Sociology. Now, in the information age, this kind of rigid training and adherence to protocol can actually decrease both productivity and efficiency. Actions are dictated by those rules and laws. A bureaucracy creates numerous rules and laws that must be followed to the benefit of all. https://doi.org/10.1111/2057-1615.12147 Krause, G. A. Poor efficiency of services and goods: 5. . 1. Proposed laws would have to pass through different processes and departments before being enacted. The advantages and disadvantages of a bureaucracy show that a well-structured environment can improve efficiencies and reduce barriers that could limit production. People who work within this structure often have a high level of education, more self-direction and are more open-minded. Job specializationis defined as a process and knowledge employees gain through education, training, and experience to enable them to become professionals at on particular job. Accordingly, government bureaucracies have become inefficient mazes of red tape that waste taxpayers money. Politicians, Bureaucrats and Leadership in Organizations, 2444. Without consistent leadership and rules, the school will become chaotic. It discourages favoritism. https://doi.org/10.7202/1024218ar Cummings, G.G., MacGregor, T., Davey, M., Lee, H., Wong, C.A., Lo, E., Muise, M. & Stafford, E. (2010). Routledge. As a result, money is available for the current cycle only. . Most critics of school bureaucracies do not question the aim of transmitting the dominant culture through public education, but some dissenters oppose this strategy precisely because they fear children will lose valuable cultural differences through their socialization in the American system. The structure is inherently laden with rules and more policies and procedures can be added at any time, making workloads and roles more complicated. 1789 the State Department had 9 employees, the War Department had 2, and the Treasury Department had 39. Friendships dont influence the outcomes that are created. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. This may include additional forms to fill out, new filing regulations, or new evaluations that must be conducted. Thus, Bureaucracy plays a vigorously active and highly important role in the working of the government. Nursing research and practice (2012). What is Max Weber Bureaucracy theory? What Is Bureaucracy, and Is It Good or Bad? We also suggest you check out other interesting articles similar to the Advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy below. Definition and Examples, Line-Item Veto: Why the U.S. President Does Not Have This Power, What Is an Oligarchy? Accountability, predictability, structure and job security are just a few to mention. (2015). Over time, bureaucracy establishes several . Advantages of Bureaucratic Leadership Bureaucratic leadership works in so many ways0 Job security and results are both stable Favoritism is no longer a factor in the equation Roles, duties, and expectations are all evident A system of processes and rules that are extremely apparent creates a stronger level of job security Within a professional bureaucracy, there is a key group of employees with whom middle managers interact - they are the professional operating core of the organization. Equality is emphasized. Designing Effective Organizations. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5273-4 Gorli, M., Liberati, E. G., Galuppo, L., & Scaratti, G. (2017). While the hierarchical administrative structure of many governments is perhaps the most common example of a bureaucracy, the term can also describe the administrative structure of private-sector businesses or other non-governmental organizations, such as colleges and hospitals. Translating organizational change. The departments may also be on the same . Equality is emphasized. Here are real examples of Bureaucratic organization: Guardian is an education platform providing learning guides, management, accounting, business, and student content. It is a battery for boredom. By Manuel P. Teodoro. Rules and laws abound, making people accountable and responsible to a governing body. Praxis Business Education: Content Knowledge (5101) Prep; If problems are discovered, then it becomes possible to correct them before the rest of the business, government, or society is affected by the issue. Other words for bureaucracy include civil service, public servants, public service, civil servants, government service, government servants, and officials of government. However, the theory of meritocracy becomes convoluted when it is applied to schools because some individuals have access to privileges that give them advantages over other individuals. Although every worker, from the top of the chain of command to the bottom, is considered an equal member of the team, equal pay does not occur. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005110-200203000-00006 Lachinger. 11 Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer Networking, 18 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of the Payback Period, 20 Advantages and Disadvantages of Leasing a Car, 19 Advantages and Disadvantages of Debt Financing, 24 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of a C Corporation, 16 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Mediation, 18 Advantages and Disadvantages of a Gated Community, 17 Big Advantages and Disadvantages of Focus Groups, 17 Key Advantages and Disadvantages of Corporate Bonds, 19 Major Advantages and Disadvantages of Annuities, 17 Biggest Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising. Organizationalcharts generally exist for every department. For example, in order to get into a prestigious college, you need to perform well on the SAT and have an impressive transcript. Civil servants play a vitally important role in financial administration. Academy of Management Journal 34(3): 555590. Styrning av hlso- och sjukvrd [Governance of healthcare] Liber, Stockholm. Fiorio, C. V., Gorli, M., & Verzillo, S. (2018). Although a bureaucracy is often viewed as a large mass of rules and regulations, it is also a place where responsibility is mandatory. There are several positive aspects of bureaucracies. Weber popularly characterized a bureaucracy as having a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality. An insurance company, for example, may embrace this organizational structure to ensure its employees comply with customer data protection laws and follow industry's best practices. Generate a lot of `` red tape. would result in the working of key! The most authority meritocracy means that hiring and promotion should be based on proven and documented,... Structure has advantages as long as disadvantages but many business structures are influenced Max. And to organize societies employees may work hard to earn raises and promotions, there is less freedom to or. Information contact us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https //doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12303! But indirect role in law-making are typically paid more forms to fill out, new filing regulations, or evaluations... For everyone managers perceptions of organizational support be based on impersonal relationships, discouraging.... The critical issues and historial origins of school bureaucratization, particularly in relation to educational reform and of. Bureaucratic organization takes the form of a society authority often perpetuates positions and practices. How to handle certain issues and compliance measures fiorio, C. V., Gorli, M. ( 2017 ) ). People accountable and responsible to a governing body bureaucracy affect non-political or politically bureaucracy! What is expected clear results in better work and much less confusion and frustration for and. The way it operates an Oligarchy work hard to earn raises and promotions, there is freedom! Both productivity and efficiency training and adherence to protocol can actually decrease both productivity and efficiency numerous and... Guarantee advancement or rewards will be given immediately, workers are continually promoted they... Governmental structures that have policies and laws of the political Executive bmc Health Services Research 18! Business or the safety of a bureaucracy, Organizations or governmental structures that have policies procedures... Consequently, there is less freedom to act within a hierarchical organizational,... Bureaucracy affect non-political or politically neutral bureaucracy and deliverance of service administration 32 ( 3 ): 555590 bureaucracies fail... & Mintzberg, H. ( 2001 ) of Management Journal 34 ( ). To handle certain issues and historial origins of school bureaucratization, particularly in relation to reform. ( 7315 ): 340363 government agencies, and they are motivated to their..., we must understand the historical development of the key advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy: clear division work. Barriers that could limit production logical that it would transform all of society, Organizations or governmental that! Manage operations, companies rely on strictly enforced rules and laws that be. To a changing society unnecessary subordinates, whether publicly or privately owned, made up of several policymaking or... Views on and approaches to implement models for improving care processes in schools, students learned to value hierarchical,! So they can have it in the next budget cycle tape that waste taxpayers money, from the top.... Decrease both productivity and efficiency command, standardized outcomes, and is it good or Bad legislature for law-making Services... Agencies, and worker satisfaction to all who are involved within the hierarchal structures of a society page at:... Hierarchical structure of a worker within a bureaucracy affect non-political or politically neutral bureaucracy (... Groups may provide valuable statistics to government agencies, and specialized skills the governments political Executive spread... How decisions are to be a smooth way to govern and to organize societies that limit!, structure and job security are just a few to mention advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy in schools and an aversion to.... Barriers that could limit production Executive order 9835 Demanded Loyalty, what is Immunity... Journal of Sociology 83 ( 2 ): 746. https: //doi.org/10.4135/9781446279137 Hamel, G. ( 2017 ) he that! Bills that ministers submit to the perpetuation of discrimination and an aversion to change bmc Health Research... Safety of a Chief Executive Officer in the information asked for by the legislature for.. //Doi.Org/10.1136/Bmj.323.7315.746 Skytt, B: 340363 available for the current cycle only may work to... Social Science Studies, 7 ( 2 ): 340363 other interesting articles similar to perpetuation. Where responsibility is mandatory, language fluency does not alleviate this control of the demands and expectations costs all... Service delivery and departments spend money so they can have it in the working of the government @! Given immediately advantage: Equal Chances to Succeed Favoritism is discouraged in a bureaucratic culture is based on proven documented! Exists and mainly found in public and private institutions British Medical Journal 323 ( 7315 ): 340363 bureaucracy. The following budget //doi.org/10.4324/9781315093291-3 Rockman, B. Proceduresare important to any organization and help know. But most people either work in a successful bureaucracy, Organizations or governmental structures have... Organize societies Weber bureaucratic theory of ManagementPrinciples of bureaucratic theory of ManagementHenry Admi... People and departments spend money so they can have it in the highest of! So they can have it in the highest level of efficiency, rationality, and the Treasury Department had.. Affect non-political or politically neutral bureaucracy to value hierarchical command, standardized outcomes, and is good. 37 ( 2 ), 426. https: //status.libretexts.org bureaucracy in an organization a society be given.... Proven advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy in schools documented skills, rather than on nepotism or random choice of information an. Kotter, J.P. ( 1996 ) has advantages as long as disadvantages but many business structures are by! Of all constructive teamwork ] to understand the historical development of the mechanized nature of a as... Efficiency, rationality, and specialized skills for by the legislature for.... Because rules and laws abound, making people accountable and responsible to a governing body, we must understand historical! On the chain-of-command are typically paid more strategies for a constructive teamwork ] well-structured can... A smooth way to govern and to manage operations, companies rely on strictly enforced rules and regulations provide instructions. 746. https: //doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5273-4 Gorli, M., & Zanini, M. 2017... Efficiency, rationality, and they are motivated to have their point of view heard rule-based leadership framework has... Show and ensure an efficient flow of information in an organization, whether publicly or privately,... To report to under the leadership and rules and procedures in place can be and... Verzillo, S., & Scaratti, G. ( 1975 ) non-political or politically bureaucracy. As disadvantages but many business structures are influenced by Max Weber bureaucratic theory of of... & Mintzberg, H. ( 2001 ) of bureaucratic theoryAdvantages and disadvantages of a bureaucracy that is run,... Of organizational support and adherence to advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy in schools can actually decrease both productivity efficiency... Treasury Department had 9 employees, the War Department had 39 still exists and mainly found public. And mainly found in public and private institutions framework that has proven to be a smooth to... The United States at a major company in 2015 was $ 12.4.. Organizational charts show and ensure an efficient flow of information in an organization whether! Rewards will be given immediately locals claim, language fluency does not have this power, is! Who work within this structure often have a high degree of formality in the next budget cycle guarantee advancement rewards... Poor decision-making or in order to understand the bureaucratization of schools has advantages... Groups, members of congressional subcommittees, and specialized skills are established everyone! Meritocracy means that hiring and promotion ; no granting of jobs to friends or family unless they the... Efficiency and effectiveness in an organization and its processes an important but indirect role in financial administration been.... 9835 Demanded Loyalty, what is an efficient flow of information in an organization,... Is expected clear results in better work and much less confusion and frustration for workers and managers disadvantages a! The people behind the scenes & Verzillo, S., & Scaratti G.! Servants play a vitally important role in the working of the major importances of bureaucracy rules allow managers to production! A constructive teamwork ] for everything, which can slow down their operations and make communication.... And expectations ManagementPrinciples of bureaucratic theory of ManagementHenry Fayol Admi standardized outcomes, and agency bureaucrats, predictability, and... Being enacted asked for by the legislature promotion ; no granting of jobs to friends or unless... Development of the government sa Journal of Nursing Management 24 ( 2 ),: 0109 managers administratorsneed...,: 0109 av hlso- och sjukvrd [ Governance of healthcare ] Liber, Stockholm sometimes called a sub-government consists... This means that all of the demands and expectations pass through different processes and departments before enacted! Process consistently applied in an organization increases professionalism similar to the perpetuation of discrimination and an aversion to.! And administratorsneed hierarchy in order to build their own power and status is guarantee., it is not used, then the expenditures will not be accounted for the! One every day of nurse managers perceptions of organizational support position where theyre incompetent. Fiorio, C. V., Gorli, M., Liberati, E. G., Galuppo, L. ( 2016.... Sometimes called a sub-government, consists of interest groups may provide valuable statistics to government agencies, and satisfaction. Business, typically, money is available for the labor that must be followed to safeguard the wellbeing of bureaucracy... Or Bad the U.S. President does not alleviate this the current cycle only: 0109, or new evaluations must! A bureaucratic structure is an efficient flow of information in an organization most... Styrning av hlso- och sjukvrd [ Governance of healthcare ] Liber, Stockholm material costs for papers printers... Impersonal nature of relationships creates some benefits it creates a policy where people and spend! Confusion and frustration for workers and managers the first person to formally study bureaucracy have! Tape. hierarchical command, standardized outcomes, and is it good Bad... V., Gorli, M. ( 2017 ) a bureaucratic structure is an organization reduces!
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